Sense & Sensibility

And

Pride & Prejudice:

A Comparative Study

Introduction:

Jane Austen was belonged to the age of transition, from 1775 to 1817 i.e. of Sense & Sensibility. The period of 1747-98 in the history of English Literature, belongs to the precursors of the Romantic Movement. Jane Austen had, completed ‘Sense and Sensibility’, ‘Pride and Prejudice’ and ‘Northanger Abby’ in 1798. She is more akin to the eighteenth century neo-classicist in her approach. In the novels, her moral outlook and prose style favoured traditionalism. The comparison between these two works, Sense & Sensibility, Pride & Prejudice, confront us with social and political background, her style, theme as well as the place of spinsters in the society.

Her novels are specially based o love and marriage. Lets now have a brief on the comparison of the novels. 

Theme of Love & Marriage:

“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”

           This opening statements strike the keynote of Jane Austen’s theme in the novel-marriage in a society governed by economic considerations; as indicated by the word ‘fortune’. Jane Austen’s usual theme is love and marriage. In all her novels, there are beautiful girls waiting for really eligible bachelors to get married to them.

 In Sense and Sensibility there are love stories of:

A)   Elinor- Edward                     D) Marianne- Willoughby

B)    Edward- Lucy                       E) Willoughby- Eliza

C)    Lucy – Robert                         F) Marianne- Colonel Brandon

While in Pride and Prejudice;

a.      Elizabeth – Darcy

b.      Jane- Bingley

c.      Lydia- Wickham

d.      Charlotte Lucas – Mr. Collins

The love stories are related to the chief characters of the novel. Other stories are co-related to them. These love stories provide interest to the readers. They reveal the characters’ mind-set, their understanding, faithfulness and spirit. realism and psychological aspects are woven with them. Lovers are tested and rewarded. They fail and succeed but they become instrument to give us a second background of the time.

In Sense and Sensibility there is a little misunderstanding and delay in Elinor and Edward’s marriage. The same happens with Elizabeth and Darcy in Pride and Prejudice. Edward was believed in the love with Lucy when Lucy declared that she is going to marry with Mr.Ferrars. Elinor was shocked by believing that she(Lucy) is going to marry Edward Ferrars. But actually she married to Robert Ferrars as she gradually falls in love with him after knowing that Edward doesn't love her. Edward truly loves Elinor and the same thing he has confessed to Lucy when she proposed him.

Elizabeth has once refused the proposal of Darcy as his attitude is that he is offering a prize which no woman can refuse this show his pride. Al, other characters of Pride and Prejudice believed that Elizabeth is lucky as having him as a partner. Thus, Elizabeth and Darcy begin with prejudice and gradually move toward understanding. Elizabeth helps him to shed his pride and be the gentleman. These develops love and feelings between them and then they got married.

Marriane, younger sister of Elinor falls in love with Willoughby. Willoughby was a showy and flirty kinds of a person. He flirts with Marianne. Both wondered everywhere as a couple. But Willoughby married to Sophia for her wealth. On the other hand Colonel Branden loves Marianne. For her, marriage of Willoughby proved a great shock and medium to realize reality. Finally, she marries to Colonel.

Lydia also elop with Wickham. Their marriage is a very complex affair. Compatibility and understandings are absent. She is affected towards Wickham’s personality nad chivalary. She misunderstood her affection as love. Wickham has no mfeeling for her. He was gambler with heavy debt. He thinks to marry other lady withwealth to make his fortune. But as they elop, he has to marry with Lydia. She is serious about their marriage. He married Ludia for unavoidable temptation of instant financial help.

John and Bingly are the most understanding and compatible couple among all the other love marriage of the characters of both the novels. Both loves each other sincerely. Both of them are sweet and gentle, easy going, unsuspecting, understanding and willing to forgive reality. It seem through them Austen define the best marriage, she imagine for others too. But their understanding their marriage are fragile but they are happy because Bigly is too good to offend conciously and Jane is to good to  not to forgive even some offence is caused.

Character Maps:

1. Of Pride & Prejudice:

2. Of   Sense & Sensibility:

However, Jane Austen’s characters are unaware of the contemporary events. The motto of Austen is to provide handsome husband to girls. They do not have any deep spiritual, insight or religious attitude. Marriage & love is the central theme of these both the novels.

Style of Austen:

        It seems that Jane Austen is aware about her potential and on the depiction on what come to her range, creatively.

“I would no more write a serious romance than an epic poem. I could not sit seriously down to write a serious romance under any other motive than to save my life... …I am sure I should be hung before I had finished the first chapter. NO, I must keep to my own style and go on my own way.”

-Jane Austen

(About her Writing)

She adhered to her range devotedly. Her range is extremely narrow. She worked on very small canvas. The political changes and upheavals are absent from her writings. Subject of science and philosophy also absent in the work.

The society that depicts in Austen’s novels is middle class. Her work reveals the society of upper middle class and middle class. Since this class was not required to work, they are passing their time in dinner parties and dance parties. The girls of these classes were not educated but they learnt music, playing instrument like piano or violin, singing, needlework and knitting. During those days girls could not get the part of her inheritance so the only way for them to marry with financial sound guy. These qualities we can find in the leading characters of ‘Pride and Prejudice’ and ‘Sense and Sensibility’.

Jane Austen makes use of irony at different levels. She uses irony in characterization to expose her characters’ misunderstanding of others as well as their own self- depiction. But that irony is not with any bitterness, not reflected any cynicism in it. But it makes us thinking over the significant issues of life. So, the irony is neither indifferent nor irresponsible.

 In Sense and Sensibility it is ironical for the Marianne who is so feelingly, sensitive and romantic marries to Colonel Brandon who is quite and sensible. Elinor who is practical in her approach could not express her love when Edward proposed her. For Mrs John Dashwood it is quite ironical that her sister- in –law marries to her brother Edward Ferrars.

In Pride and Prejudice the Bingly in Pride and Prejudice the Bingly sisters mocks at the Bannets for their vulgarity but they themselves are vulgar. Darcy proposes Elizabeth when she is hating her; Ludia has to marry Wickham who just marries her for money just because she loves him! Elizabeth   believes that she is not among the girl who refuses the first proposal and accepts it on second proposal. 

The two virtues of ‘Sense and Sensibility’ and ‘Pride and Prejudice’ are constantly juxtaposed each other. Isn’t it ironical?

Jane Austen’s novels are hero less novels. Austen has given us very fine woman characters. Elinor, Marianne, Elizabeth, Lydia, Jane, Mrs Collins, Mrs Bannets, Mrs Dashwood, Mrs John Dashwood, and Lucy etc. her women characters are quite different though she limits herself to certain matters in the novels. Every character has its own individual nature. Austen fully draw them in very wide fledge as the individual. Marianne & Lucy both are sensible and expressive but having their own way. Similarly if we compare Elinor and Elizabeth; both have their own way to think in a sensible way. Jane also sharing some characteristics of Elinor but both are different individuals and their individuality is clearly seen, very minute details are mentioned.

These characters are not aware of any other social issues or the political issues. They are concentrated on their own problems and life events.

Her characters are revealed from compare and contrast. Edward’s relation and honesty are revealed through Willoughby’s cheating for Marianne. Lady Catherine and Mrs Bennet balance each other to their vulgarity as well as their match-making manoeuvres. Elizabeth is compared with Jane likewise their very nature.

Plot Construction:

There is no moral or philosophical distractions, no obstersive characters, no loose end or dangling ends. There is complete and knit woven plots and subplots. It holds perfect organic unity.

The main plot of  ‘ Sense and Sensibility is the love story of Elinor and Edward while in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ it is of Elizabeth and Darcy.

Elinor is the main character of the novel. Her attitude life-style, thinking, manners and behaviour relate the purpose of the novelist. Elinor love to the Edward is restrained. At Barton Park Edward’s long absence doesn’t disturbed her much. Lucy’s episode is disastrous for her. But at the end the secret revealed thet Lucy was married to Rbert the brother of Edward.

In ‘Pride and Prejudice’ main plot is Elizabeth- Darcy affair. Both met at Mr Bingley’s renting of Notherfield Park, which Darcy first time proposed to Elizabeth;  she refused it. But afterwards Elizabeth’s visit to Pemberly brings them still closer. Later their relation is getting closer in such a way that they got married.

In plot construction the linking of sub-plot, dramatic elements are very useful. Sense and Sensibility has another chief character of Marianne. The love triangle of the Colonel Brandon- Marianne-Willoughby is the subplot when Marianne is helped by Willoughby; she informed by him. He was flirt but she could not recognize him. These event are linked with Elinor’s love story in such a way that it confirms the style of contrast in the novel. Sometimes it indicates what would be happen to Elinor.

In Pride and Prejudice the growing Jane-Bingly affair brings Elizabeth also there, that Darcy gradually falls in love with her. The subplot contributes in the development of main plot. Charlotte-Collins plot brings them together at Rosings. Then the main plot leads to the climax of first half of the novel.

The characters have dramatic moves as per the plot. They are stated below.

C Marianne who is sensitive, intuitive converts into understanding and calm girl.

C Elizabeth who has the pride for her understanding of other, gradually melt down and fall in love with Darcy.

C Willoughby who seems so romantic and carefree; dumps Marianna exploit Eliza and marries to Sophia for wealth.

C Lydia who is stubborn and short tempered behaves maturely when she is serious about her relationship with Wickham.

These characters are changed through dramatic situations. Sometimes it seems natural and essential for the plot and theme. It keeps the interest into the novels.

          Thus, Jane Austen is a novelist nurture the novel very well. Although wide range of character, each character has its own individuality without covered by other characters individuality. Both the novels are worth reading.

Culture & Anarchy by Mathew Arnold with special reference to Cultural Studies

What is Culture?

The ‘culture’ derives from ‘cultura’ and ‘colere’, meaning ‘to cultivate’.it also means ‘to honour’ and ‘to protect’. It is a social phenomenon tends to regularize the mind-set and beheviour of people which is set on ancient rules and regulations and experiences. It is the ways of living and represents lives of people. It is not having any origin. Nobody can own but within the culture there is origin of perfection.

Culture and Anarchy was original in contesting precisely this elitist view of culture as connoisseurship, or an appreciation of the fine arts. This was the current sense of the word when Arnold began writing. The word culture originated in the world of farming, as a term for tending crops or animals, which is where we get the word agriculture (Williams 87-93). From this, it developed a metaphorical meaning in the eighteenth century for culturing the mind, rather than crops. And in this latter sense it became associated by the early nineteenth century with knowledge of Greek, Latin, and the fine arts. Because these were standard elements of a gentleman’s education, the acquisition of culture was a sign of one’s elite status.

Culture is the study of perfection in society and morality. It is the development of human beings. “It is an experience of human race in general”. The culture is an inward operation. Culture is the study of perfection leads our perfection as a harmonious perfection, developing all parts of our humanity and as a general perfection, developing all parts of our society. It is something which is not natural but it is something which is ‘learned’. It’s the habit or the way of being social in the society. As a synonym of civilization, culture belonged to the general spirit of enchantment with its cult of secular, progressive self-development. Civilization largely a French notion-then as now , the French were thought to have a monopoly on being civilized-and named both the gradual process of social refinement and utopian telos towards which it was unfolding. Mathew Arnold may have believed in culture as a social improvement but he also refuse to take sides over the slavery question in the American civil war.

It is being pursuit of total perfection by means of getting to know, on the all matters which most concern us,” the best which has been though and said in the world” ; and through this knowledge, turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our notions and habits, which we now follow staunchly which makes up for the mischief of following them mechanically. In this essay culture is showen as great help out of our present difficulties. For Arnold if one member suffers, the other members must suffer with it; and the fewer there is that follow the true way of salvation, the harder that way is to find.

Culture is considered not merely as the endeavour to see and learn this but as the endeavour, also, to make it prevail, the moral, social, and beneficent character of culture becomes manifest. Culture places human perfection in an internal condition, I the growth and predominance of our humanity proper, as distinguished from our aminality.

“The notion of perfection as culture brings us to conceive it: a harmonious perfection, a perfection in which the characters of beauty and intelligence are both present, which unites ‘the two noblest of things’ as Swift most happily calls it in his Battle of the books-‘ the two noblest of things, sweetness and light.”

Culture is connected with the idea of sweetness and light. He uses the Greek word aphuia & euphuia’. The immense spiritual significance of the Greeks is due to their having been inspired with this central and happy idea of the essential character of human perfection. Culture shows the single minded love of to perfection, its desire simply to make reason and the will of God prevail, its freedom from fanaticism, by its attitude towards all this machinery, even while it insists that it is machinery.

Both personal and social factors contributed to Arnold’s redefinition. He was the son of a famous educator, Thomas Arnold (1795-1842), who insisted that, whatever goals one pursued in life, they had to be socially useful. It was not enough, in other words, to pursue one’s interests for selfish reasons alone. As a dedicated poet in his early adulthood, Arnold grappled with the problem of reconciling his love of fine art with the need for social utility, a topic that formed the mainstay of his written correspondence with his closest friend, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-61). In this regard, Arnold was representative of an era in which many artists questioned the relevance of art to society, even as Victorian Britain underwent a radical social transformation, leaving behind its agricultural past in the wake of the new industrial economy.

In the middle decades of the century, Britain was particularly turbulent, famously unsettled by the inhumanity of early industrialism and the demands of a vocal working-class for political representation. In one of the most well-known incidents, on 23 July 1866, a large crowd gathered at Hyde Park in London to hear speakers on voting rights. They were confronted by police when the government declared the meeting an illegal assembly. Soldiers were called out when 200,000 people entered the park anyway, knocking down fences meant to keep them out. The incident precipitated Arnold’s thinking, and its violence represents the “Anarchy” in Culture and Anarchy. While staunchly opposing violence, he nevertheless understood the need for social change. As one of his biographers notes, Arnold’s job as a School’s Inspector exposed him “to more working-class children than any other poet who has ever lived” (Honan 218-19). The injection of social change into his new theory was the formula he sought to combine his own love of fine art with social utility.

For Arnold, the opposite of culture was “doing as one likes,” his term for individuals who act out of self-interest, without regard for the greater good. He did not see this as a choice so much as the consequence of an inability to imagine a world beyond one’s limited, subjective perspective. He agrees with the prevalent notion that ‘it is a most happy and important thing for a man merely to be able to do as he likes. But the problem is, “ on what he is to do when he as thus free to do as he likes, we do not lay so much stress.” Even though the liberal practitioners like Mr. Bright say that “the central idea of English life and politics is the assertion of liberty”, yet Arnold fears this very right and happiness of an individual of as Englishman to do what he likes may drift the entire society towards Anarchy.

The word anarchy comes from the Greek word ‘anarchia’ which means contrary to authority or without ruler. The anarchies tradition has been linked to the four major thinkers.  The first was willium Godwin, who in the late 18th century wrote a treatise called a Enquiry Concerning Political Justice which argued against government, the law, property and institutions of the state.

The next was the French thinker Pierre Joseph Proudhon says ‘Property is theft’. He was also the first person to describe himself as an anarchist and once declared:’ My conscience is mine, and my freedom is a sovereign freedom’.

“ Anarchism is the name given to a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived  without government- harmony in such a society being obtained, not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority, but by free agreements concluded between the various groups” these are the words of the later anarchist Kropotkin. He had wrote this definition for Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition.

   The culture of Arnolds time is blind to the evils of the society. The culture is being danger to the reformers then the culture is bound to be changed. In England people become slave of machinery due to rapid industrialization.  Arnold agrees with the prevalent notion that ‘it is most happy and important thing for a man merely to be able to do as he likes,. On what he is to do when he is thus free to do as he likes, we do not lay so much stress’.

According to Arnold language is also a culture. So whatever texts are there; are the representative of the culture they belongs to. He was the first person who started to study the culture. Then the faculties of Cultural Studies come into existence.

1.    Cultural studies bring to everyday life the same tools in literary study. For example the advertisement of the things of daily usages; the advertisement of salt. It directly emphasis the moral of ‘honesty towards the master’, it depicts the mindset of slave.

2.        As in literature, so in culture, meaning is borne by signs. They embody codes that are shared by cultural communities. White Tiger is the example of the literature having the footprints of culture. In the novel Tiger is the sigh of the protagonist who wants the freedom. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is another one in which the protagonist had fought for freedom from enslavement.

3.      Culture consists of texts, institutions and practices. Culture means the way of living India has great heritage of historical texts in form of carvings of cave, ancient sculptures of Buddha and other God & Goddesses, Ashoka’s Stoop with Pali language and of course the Vedas, Upanishads, and Epics like Ramayana & Mahabharata. A time is preserved n it. Whatever we do and live constantly reflected in our educational institutes. The different faculties of studies suggested economic, social and political life of the country.

4.     Cultural studies began with the study of popular literary forms. There are two types of culture :popular culture and mass culture. Here I want to quote by the use of word Culture Arnold, “‘does not mean a precise body of knowledge or art but rather a psychological attitude of mental freedom, driven by the motive of intellectual curiosity”. The Popular literary forms appeal to the lowest class of the society and popular amongst them which is naturally larger in number then upper and Elite class.  It represent the society very well, from the downside view.

5.    Culture is a realm of power. Those with economic power are able to make cultural products. Culture is decided by the ruling class. Whatever they do is considered as Culture. Here we can see the conflict that if the working class, the lowest class do according to their will and which is not harmful to the society, considered as Anarchy. Because it snatches away the right of ruling class to establish the Culture and Tradition whatever suitable to them.

In his essay Culture & Anarchy, Mathew Arnold Depicted the problem of working class people and guide them to do ‘doing as one likes’.

Cultural Studies

Cultural Studies of Frankenstein

The story of Frankenstein was dreamt by Marry Shelly. Frankenstein is the monstrous protagonist. He is compared with modern Prometheus and Satan of Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’. .Prometheus was the Greek mythological character. He has given Fire to humankind. And it was considered as his mistake. He was punished for his mistake by the God of Oracle. He was bound to the top of mountain. He was been wounded in such a way that his lever can be seen from it. And every day an Eagle come and eat his lever. Lever is a kind of organ in human body that develops again and again as a whole. So, the punishment is never ending punishment. The pain is unavoidable and constant.

Similarly, Frankenstein was aloof by the society. He has his own physical limitations with fierce face and gigantic structure. The limitations bound him. He has also suffering from pain of avoidance and neglectance. His loneliness mars the good will inside him. He himself is the invention of human   kind so his own self, his own being is his mistake and his life is punishment for him.

Satan is another heroic character o0f Paradise Lost. He was also once the angel of God’s kingdom. He tries to equal himself to the God. He was punished by God and sent to Hell. There he founded Beelzebub with whom he become friend. He revenged to the God by making Eve to eat forbidden fruit. Frankenstein also created by Victor. He tries to mix up with the human society, tries to equalize himself as human being. He was indirectly punished by the society with fear and angry looks, avoidance. People beat him. He has to run away to jungle to burn into the fire of loneliness and neglectance. He also takes revenge by becoming monstrous approach to the society and killing near and dear ones of Victor.

The novel mutated among the intellectuals as well as generalized people through various ways like movies, drama, visual arts, televisions, and all other cultural artefacts. The protagonist stands for the empowerment of common and supressed people. And from it Frankenfreme named popular culture derived. Both like its creator in an age of revolution. Frankenstein challenged the accepted ideas of its day. As it has become increasingly commodified by modern consumer culture, one wonders whether its original revolutionary spirit and its critique of scientific, philosophical political and gender issues have become obscured, or whether instead its continuing transformention attests to its essential oppositional nature.

“Frankenstein is a vital metaphor, peculiarly appropriate to a culture dominated by a consumer technology, neurotically obsessed with ‘getting in touch with’ its authentic self and frightened with what it is discovering.”

It presents black people. During those days industrialisation is the upcoming trend in the society. In America there were lots of Nigro people were brought from South Africa to serve the masters. And having black skin they have to tolerate many things. Uncle Tom in Uncle Tom’s cabin is the character who mirrors the socio-political culture of the time. Frankenstein is the character of working class people as those people were considered as monstrous. They were made workers by the industrialists only.

Marry Shelly lived during the time of great disruption. Monsters like the Creature are indeed paradoxical. On the one hand, they quest for their existence rnd on the other hand we feel secured that the society is enough strong to fight with such Creatures. It symbolises our own self and the social chains we are bound with. Our society is such where one has to follow certain values otherwise the person is considered antisocial.(enough strong to defeat inner/original self) In doing so we cheat ourselves and can’t able to express our original self( quest for existence). The Creature read three books on which his behavioural pattern based. According to Morton “the Creature’s literary education is radical” but the Creatur’s idealistic education does him little good, and he has no chanceof reforming society so that it will accept him. His self-education is his even more traguic second birth into an entire culture impossible for him to inhabit, however well he understands great writings about freedom.

It may be analyses as portrayal of different Races. The people with colonial mind set having bias towards the fair, white skin. They hate the black or whitish skin. For them the people with whitish or black skin are ugly. Frankenstein is described as yellow; the skin shed of Mongolian race. In the 17th century, people began to use the term ‘Races’ to relate to observable physical traits. Such use promoted hierarchies favourable to differing ethnic groups. There are three types of races:

1. Caucasian races (Aryans, Hamites, Semites)

2. Mongolian races (northern Mongolian, Chinese and Indo-Chinese, Japanese and Korean, Tibetan, Malayan, Polynesian, Maori, Micronesian, Eskimo, American Indian),

3 Negroid races (African, Hottentots, Melanesians/Papua, “Negrito”, Australian Aborigine, Dravidians, Sinhalese)

The white people were considered themselves superior and other races inferior. They made them slaves.  The industrialization increase the numbers of other races in United States’ population the people from Negroid Races are stronger in muscle power then Americans. Red Indians- the original natives of America are also physically strong then white or migrated English people. The society feared from them and enslaved them. Below is the given some numbers to elaborate the races in America from 1850 to 1900 A.D.

The fear is reflected in the Frankenstein. Here we can se Victor as master and Frankenstein as slave. According to Gayatri Chakravorthy Spivak the novel is the critic of empire and racism. 

“Frankenstein’s language of racism – the dark side of imperialism understood as social mission – combines with hysteria of masculism into the idiom of (the withdrawal of) sexual reproduction rather than subject constitution”

Today we are constantly confronted with new developments in fertility science and new philosophical conundrums that result from genetic engineering, in vitro fertilization, cloning and the prolongation of life by artificial means. According to cultural critic Laura Kranzler, Victor’s creation of life and modern sperm banks and artificial wombs show a ‘masculine desire to claim female (re)productivity’. Frankenstein and its warnings about the hubris of science will be with us in the future as science continues to question the borders between life and death, between ‘viability’ and ‘selective reduction’, between living and life support.

The experiment of Luigi Galvani, an Italian physician and physician discovered that electricity can be used for muscle contractions, were among the scientific topics discussed by Percy Shelly, Byron. Marry Shelly attended public demonstrations of the effect of electricity on animal and human bodies, living and dead. In the age of genetic engineering, biotechnology and cloning, the most far reaching industrialization of life forms to date, Frankenstein is more relevant than ever. Developments in science were increasingly critical to society during the Romantic period, when a paradigm shift occurred from science as natural philosophy to science as biology, a crucial ( and troubled) distinction in Frankenstein.

Presentation in popular culture:

A term used ‘Frankenphemes( Frankenstein phonemes)’ as elements of culture that are derived from Frankenstein. Either a separate work of art is inspired or some kernel is derived from Shelly’s novel and repeated another medium. Broadly defined, Frankenphemes demonstrate the novel’s presence in world cultures, as the encoding of race and clss in the 1824 Canning speech in Parliament, in today’s gobble debates such things as generally engineered foods, and of course in fiction and other media.

     The Great Horror Story Novel Ever Written:

“ the single greatest horror story novel ever written and the most widely influential in the genre”

The list of the inspired work as below.:

a)     The Ball-Tower’ by Herman Melwille

b)     The Future Eve a story of female monster by French author Villiers de L’Isle Adam

c). The Surgeon’s Experiment By American writer W. C. Marrow

d). A Thousand Deaths by Jack London

e). The Reanimator is the set of tales published in Home Brew magazine by H.P Lowercraft..’Herbert West : Reanimator’ movie from it. It initiate the splatter film genre.

f). The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov

g). The Memories of Elizabeth Frankenstein by Theodore Roszek

h). Demons of Film Colony by Theodore Leberthone

      thre is surprizing amount of Frankenstein erotice, especially gay- and lesbian - oriented

     Frankenstein On the Stage

A.    Presumtion or The Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake.

B.     Frankenstitch

C.     Frank-n- steam

D.    The Devil Among the Players

E.     The Man In Moon

F.      Frankenstein And His Bride

G.    The Rocky Horror Show as movie The Rockey Horror Picture Show

     Film Adaptions

                                                   i.            Frankenstein

                                                ii.            The Cabinate of Dr. CaligariBride Of Frankenstein

                                              iii.            Marry Shelly’s Frankenstein

                                              iv.            TRorticole Contre Frankesburg

                                                 v.            Frankenstein, el Vampiro y Compania

                                              vi.            Furankenshutain tai chitei kaiju Baragon

                                            vii.            The Cure of Frankenstein

                                         viii.            I was Teenage Frankenstein

                                              ix.            Young Frankenstein

                                                 x.            Fanny Hills Meets Dr.Erotico

                                              xi.            Andy Warhole’s Frankenstein

                                            xii.            Blade Runner

                                         xiii.            Blackenstein

                                          xiv.            Frankenstein Unbound

The cultural aspect of the novel by Marry Shelly hides many meanings in itself. They are still undermining by various methodologies of cultural studies. The social, political structure of any society can found relevance with the work as it is one of the classical work presenting the fear of the psychological disturbance. It was said that marry Shelly herself was suffered from the madness. An insecure mind can be feel such hallucinations and it reflected it the work.